Small cylindrical parts are often formed through deep drawing — a process by which a punch forms the finished piece from a flat sheet of metal using a forming die. If it sounds like that stresses the ...

Friction behaviour in sheet metal forming encompasses the interaction between the deforming sheet and tool surfaces, critically influencing material flow, tool wear, energy consumption and final ...

Alternative higher strength steels can be developed by post-forming heat treatment. Retaining the geometry of components during and subsequent to the heat treatment process is a key barrier for the ...