Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle. Relationships ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

Direct and indirect costs are accounting concepts that help you separate expenditures that fluctuate, relative to how much business you transact, and costs that stay mostly the same, whether you sell ...