Many microcontroller designs typically mix multiple interfacing methods. A microcontroller (µC) system can be viewed as a system that reads from inputs, performs processing and writes to outputs.

Relays are common electromechanical devices in electrical circuits that come in two types: either latched or non-latched. Latched relays retain their last switch position even after complete power ...

The addition of a components and an unused NC contact to a dc supply provides a power-reducing feature to a relay driver circuit. Electromagnetic relays need much less power for holding than they do ...

Relays usually are driven using optocouplers, which offer isolation between analog and digital grounds to ensure that switching currents in the relay coils do not affect the noise margin of the ...