Scientists and philosophers have long questioned whether the future of the world is entirely a function of its past. They have wondered whether everything that happens — every wink, idea, smile — is ...

Scientists imagine virtual particles popping in and out of existence to explain how forces transfer between particles. koto_feja/iStock via Getty Images A clever mathematical tool known as virtual ...

Illustration of a set of real zeros of a graph polynomial (middle) and two Feynman diagrams. Credit: Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences How can the behavior of elementary particles ...

A straightforward math tweak could bring tachyon fields into line with the rest of physics. Tachyons are faster-than-light particles, and tachyon fields are special cases of quantum field. The math ...