The gap between genotype and phenotype is filled by complex biochemical systems most of which are poorly understood. Because these systems are complex, it is widely appreciated that quantitative ...

Any organism is a by-product of both its genetic makeup and the environment. To understand this in detail, we must first appreciate some basic genetic vocabulary and concepts. Here, we provide ...

Bio-ontologies provide a means of formalizing biological knowledge — for example, about genes, anatomy and phenotypes — in complex hierarchies that are composed ...