Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology is a vital part of modern electronics, used in designing and manufacturing integrated circuits (ICs) that power many digital devices. CMOS ...

The use of germanium instead of silicon as basic material of transistors would enable faster chips containing smaller transistors. However, a number of problems still have to be solved. Transistors ...

Back gating, body bias, substrate bias, and back bias all refer to a technique for dynamically adjusting the threshold voltage of a CMOS transistor. CMOS transistors are often thought of as ...

Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chips contain many other transistors besides the access transistor to enable full operation of the DRAM memory. These peripheral transistors must meet stringent ...

For years—decades, in fact—the NMOS transistor world has been on cruise control. NMOS is naturally faster and its performance has scaled better than PMOS. PMOS has had a cost advantage. But lately, it ...

PMOS transistors are less vulnerable to substrate noise since they’re placed in separate wells; designers implement guard rings to attenuate the substrate noise propagation. However, substrate noise ...